Wykrywanie i testy na HIV
Na chwil� obecn� wykonuje si� dwa rodzaje test�w: przesiewowy i Western blot – potwierdzaj�cy. Testy przesiewowe wykonuje si� w pierwszej kolejno�ci. S� one niezwykle precyzyjne, gdy� ich wiarygodno�� wynosi praktycznie 100%. Stosuj�c t� metod� mo�na wykry� nawet minimalne ilo�ci przeciwcia� anty-HIV, aczkolwiek trzeba si� liczy�, �e test ten mo�e pokaza� z�y wynik – jest to zwi�zane zwykle z ci��� czy infekcj� wirusow�. Aby ca�kowicie potwierdzi� wynik testu przesiewowego, konieczne jest poddanie si� kolejnemu badaniu Western blot, kt�re jednoznacznie potwierdzi wiarygodno�� poprzedniej metody.
Wyniki test�w dziel� si� na dodatnie, ujemnie i nieokre�lone, aczkolwiek te ostatnie s� bardzo rzadko spotykane. Wynik ujemny, popularnie zwany „minusem” oznacza, �e w badanej krwi nie wykryto przeciwcia� anty-HIV, tym samym osoba poddaj�ca si� badaniu nie zosta�a zaka�ona. Z kolei wynik dodatni – „plus” oznacza rozw�j wirusa HIV w organizmie, co kwalifikuje do ca�kowitej zmiany trybu �ycia, a w przypadku z�ych wynik�w (niskie CD4 i wysoka wiremia) do podj�cia do�ywotniego leczenia tudzie� poddania si� terapii antyretrowirusowej.
Kto powinien wykona� test?
- osoby przyjmuj�ce narkotyki drog� do�yln�
- nabywcy „�wie�ych” tatua�y, (je�eli zachodzi podejrzenie, �e sprz�t nie by� sterylny)
- osoby prowadz�ce aktywne �ycie seksualne (bez zabezpieczenia)
- homoseksuali�ci – geje uprawiaj�cy przygodny seks bez zabezpieczenia
- kobiety planuj�ce ci���
- osoby oferuj�ce us�ugi seksualne
Kiedy mo�na wykona� test?
Od og�lnie przyj�tej „godziny 0”, przeciwcia�a anty-HIV ujawniaj� si� w organizmie mi�dzy 3 a 12 tygodniem. Pierwszy test mo�na ju� wykona� po 6 tygodniach (skuteczno�� 80%), aczkolwiek 100% skuteczno�� osi�gniemy poddaj�c si� testowi na HIV po up�ywie 91 dni i/lub po 12 tygodniach.
Ta r�nica wiarygodno�ci odnosi si� do tzw. okienka serologicznego, czyli czasu, w kt�rym HIV jest ju� w organizmie, aczkolwiek nie jest jeszcze wykrywalny. Stosunkowo niedawno, do powszechnego obiegu wesz�y szybkie i skuteczne testy IV generacji, kt�re s� w stanie „oszuka�” okienko serologiczne i wykry� zar�wno antygen p24 jak i przeciwcia�a anty-HIV.
Gdzie na test?
W Polsce w ka�dym wi�kszym mie�cie wojew�dzkim istniej� Punkty Konsultacyjno-Diagnostyczne, w kt�rych mo�na robi� bezp�atne i co wa�ne, anonimowe testy. W przypadku wyniku „pozytywnego” w plac�wkach tych urz�duj� psycholodzy, kt�rzy w pierwszej kolejno�ci udzielaj� osobie zaka�onej wsparcia, a kolejno informuj� j� o istnieniu grup i stowarzysze�, kt�re pomagaj� uczy� si� �y� ze swoim „plusem”. Dodatkowo osoby te dostaj� szczeg�owe wytyczne, gdzie musz� uda� si� celem monitorowania choroby i podj�cia ewentualnego leczenia, (je�eli takowe jest w danej chwili konieczne).
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